62 research outputs found
Learning Fair Representations with High-Confidence Guarantees
Representation learning is increasingly employed to generate representations
that are predictive across multiple downstream tasks. The development of
representation learning algorithms that provide strong fairness guarantees is
thus important because it can prevent unfairness towards disadvantaged groups
for all downstream prediction tasks. To prevent unfairness towards
disadvantaged groups in all downstream tasks, it is crucial to provide
representation learning algorithms that provide fairness guarantees. In this
paper, we formally define the problem of learning representations that are fair
with high confidence. We then introduce the Fair Representation learning with
high-confidence Guarantees (FRG) framework, which provides high-confidence
guarantees for limiting unfairness across all downstream models and tasks, with
user-defined upper bounds. After proving that FRG ensures fairness for all
downstream models and tasks with high probability, we present empirical
evaluations that demonstrate FRG's effectiveness at upper bounding unfairness
for multiple downstream models and tasks
Prospects for extending the Mass-Metallicity Relation to low mass at high redshift: a case study at z~1
We report J-band MOSFIRE spectroscopy of a low-mass
(log) star-forming galaxy at
showing the detection of [NII] and [SII] alongside a strong H line. We
derive a gas-phase metallicity of
log, placing this object in a region
of space that is sparsely populated at this redshift. Furthermore,
many existing metallicity measurements in this regime are derived
from only [NII]/H (N2), a diagnostic widely used in high-redshift
metallicity studies despite the known strong degeneracy with the ionization
parameter and resulting large systematic uncertainty. We demonstrate that even
in a regime where [NII] and [SII] are at the detection limit and the
measurement uncertainty associated with the [NII]/[SII] ratio is high (S/N~3),
the more sophisticated Dopita et al. diagnostic provides an improved constraint
compared to N2 by reducing the systematic uncertainty due to the ionization
parameter. This approach does not, however, dispel uncertainty associated with
stochastic or systematic variations in the nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance ratio.
While this approach improves upon N2, future progress in extending metallicity
studies into this low-mass regime will require larger samples to allow for
stochastic variations, as well as careful consideration of the global trends
among dwarf galaxies in all physical parameters, not just metallicity.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). IX. The dual origin of low-mass cluster galaxies as revealed by new structural analyses
Using deep Hubble Frontier Fields imaging and slitless spectroscopy from the
Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space, we analyze 2200 cluster and 1748 field
galaxies at to determine the impact of environment on galaxy
size and structure at , an unprecedented limit at these
redshifts. Based on simple assumptions--we find no significant
differences in half-light radii () between equal-mass cluster or field
systems. More complex analyses-)-reveal local density
) to induce only a ( confidence) reduction in
beyond what can be accounted for by color, Sersic index (), and
redshift () effects.Almost any size difference between galaxies in high- and
low-density regions is thus attributable to their different distributions in
properties other than environment. Indeed, we find a clear color-
correlation in low-mass passive cluster galaxies () such
that bluer systems have larger radii, with the bluest having sizes consistent
with equal-mass star-forming galaxies. We take this as evidence that
large- low-mass passive cluster galaxies are recently acquired systems
that have been environmentally quenched without significant structural
transformation (e.g., by ram pressure stripping or starvation).Conversely,
of small- low-mass passive cluster galaxies appear to have been
in place since . Given the consistency of the small- galaxies'
stellar surface densities (and even colors) with those of systems more than ten
times as massive, our findings suggest that clusters mark places where galaxy
evolution is accelerated for an ancient base population spanning most masses,
with late-time additions quenched by environment-specific mechanisms are mainly
restricted to the lowest masses.Comment: The accepted version. The catalog is available through the GLASS web
page (http://glass.astro.ucla.edu), or
https://www.astr.tohoku.ac.jp/~mtakahiro/Publication/Morishita17
Inferences on the Timeline of Reionization at z~8 From the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey
Detections and non-detections of Lyman alpha (Ly) emission from
galaxies ( Gyr after the Big Bang) can be used to measure the timeline of
cosmic reionization. Of key interest to measuring reionization's mid-stages,
but also increasing observational challenge, are observations at z > 7, where
Ly redshifts to near infra-red wavelengths. Here we present a search
for z > 7.2 Ly emission in 53 intrinsically faint Lyman Break Galaxy
candidates, gravitationally lensed by massive galaxy clusters, in the KMOS
Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS). With integration times of ~7-10
hours, we detect no Ly emission with S/N>5 in our sample. We determine
our observations to be 80% complete for 5 spatially and spectrally
unresolved emission lines with integrated line flux erg
s cm. We define a photometrically selected sub-sample of 29
targets at , with a median 5 Ly EW limit of 58A.
We perform a Bayesian inference of the average intergalactic medium (IGM)
neutral hydrogen fraction using their spectra. Our inference accounts for the
wavelength sensitivity and incomplete redshift coverage of our observations,
and the photometric redshift probability distribution of each target. These
observations, combined with samples from the literature, enable us to place a
lower limit on the average IGM neutral hydrogen fraction of at z ~ 8, providing further evidence of rapid reionization
at z~6-8. We show that this is consistent with reionization history models
extending the galaxy luminosity function to , with
low ionizing photon escape fractions, .Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
HST Grism Observations of a Gravitationally Lensed Redshift 10 Galaxy
We present deep spectroscopic observations of a Lyman-break galaxy candidate
(hereafter MACS1149-JD) at with the Space
Telescope () WFC3/IR grisms. The grism observations were taken at
4 distinct position angles, totaling 34 orbits with the G141 grism, although
only 19 of the orbits are relatively uncontaminated along the trace of
MACS1149-JD. We fit a 3-parameter (, F160W mag, and Ly equivalent
width) Lyman-break galaxy template to the three least contaminated grism
position angles using an MCMC approach. The grism data alone are best fit with
a redshift of ( confidence), in
good agreement with our photometric estimate of
( confidence). Our analysis
rules out Lyman-alpha emission from MACS1149-JD above a equivalent
width of 21 \AA{}, consistent with a highly neutral IGM. We explore a scenario
where the red /IRAC color of the galaxy
previously pointed out in the literature is due to strong rest-frame optical
emission lines from a very young stellar population rather than a 4000 \AA{}
break. We find that while this can provide an explanation for the observed IRAC
color, it requires a lower redshift (), which is less preferred
by the imaging data. The grism data are consistent with both
scenarios, indicating that the red IRAC color can still be explained by a 4000
\AA{} break, characteristic of a relatively evolved stellar population. In this
interpretation, the photometry indicate that a Myr stellar
population is already present in this galaxy only after
the Big Bang.Comment: Accepted to ApJ. This is the accepted versio
Spectroscopic confirmation of an ultra-faint galaxy at the epoch of reionization
Within one billion years of the Big Bang, intergalactic hydrogen was ionized
by sources emitting ultraviolet and higher energy photons. This was the final
phenomenon to globally affect all the baryons (visible matter) in the Universe.
It is referred to as cosmic reionization and is an integral component of
cosmology. It is broadly expected that intrinsically faint galaxies were the
primary ionizing sources due to their abundance in this epoch. However, at the
highest redshifts (; lookback time 13.1 Gyr), all galaxies with
spectroscopic confirmations to date are intrinsically bright and, therefore,
not necessarily representative of the general population. Here, we report the
unequivocal spectroscopic detection of a low luminosity galaxy at . We
detected the Lyman- emission line at {\AA} in two separate
observations with MOSFIRE on the Keck I Telescope and independently with the
Hubble Space Telescope's slit-less grism spectrograph, implying a source
redshift of . The galaxy is gravitationally magnified by
the massive galaxy cluster MACS J1423.8+2404 (), with an estimated
intrinsic luminosity of mag and a stellar mass of
solar masses. Both are an order of
magnitude lower than the four other Lyman- emitters currently known at
, making it probably the most distant representative source of
reionization found to date
Detection of Lyman-Alpha Emission From a Triple Imaged z=6.85 Galaxy Behind MACS J2129.4-0741
We report the detection of Ly emission at \AA{} in the
Keck/DEIMOS and \HST WFC3 G102 grism data from a triply-imaged galaxy at
behind galaxy cluster MACS J2129.40741. Combining the
emission line wavelength with broadband photometry, line ratio upper limits,
and lens modeling, we rule out the scenario that this emission line is \oii at
. After accounting for magnification, we calculate the weighted average
of the intrinsic Ly luminosity to be
and Ly equivalent
width to be \AA{}. Its intrinsic UV absolute magnitude at 1600\AA{} is
mag and stellar mass , making
it one of the faintest (intrinsic ) galaxies with
Ly detection at to date. Its stellar mass is in the typical
range for the galaxies thought to dominate the reionization photon budget at
; the inferred Ly escape fraction is high (\%),
which could be common for sub- galaxies with Ly
emission. This galaxy offers a glimpse of the galaxy population that is thought
to drive reionization, and it shows that gravitational lensing is an important
avenue to probe the sub- galaxy population.Comment: Accepted by ApJ Letter
The Grism lens-amplified survey from space (GLASS). VIII. The influence of the cluster properties on Halpha emitter galaxies at 0.3<z<0.7
Exploiting the data of the Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS), we
characterize the spatial distribution of star formation in 76 high star forming
galaxies in 10 clusters at 0.3< z <0.7. All these galaxies are likely
restricted to first infall. In a companion paper we contrast the properties of
field and cluster galaxies, whereas here we correlate the properties of
H{\alpha} emitters to a number of tracers of the cluster environment to
investigate its role in driving galaxy transformations. H{\alpha} emitters are
found in the clusters out to 0.5 virial radii, the maximum radius covered by
GLASS. The peak of the H{\alpha} emission is offset with respect to the peak of
the UV-continuum. We decompose this offsets into a radial and tangential
component. The radial compo- nent points away from the cluster center in 60% of
the cases, with 95% confidence. The decompositions agree with cosmological
simulations, i.e. the H{\alpha} emission offset correlates with galaxy velocity
and ram-pressure stripping signatures. Trends between H{\alpha} emitter
properties and surface mass density distributions and X-ray emissions emerge
only for unrelaxed clusters. The lack of strong correlations with the global
environment does not allow us to identify a unique environmental effect
originating from the cluster center. In contrast, correla- tions between
H{\alpha} morphology and local number density emerge. We conclude that local
effects, uncorrelated to the cluster-centric radius, play a more important role
in shaping galaxy properties.Comment: ApJ in press (16 pages, 8 figures
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